Acid Attacks in India: A Persistent Gender-Based Crime

Acid attacks, a horrific form of gender-based violence, remain a persistent issue in India. The NCRB began tracking acid attacks post-2013, following the Delhi gangrape case, with over 150 cases reported annually. This article delves into the causes, impacts, and solutions to acid attacks in India for 2025.

The Scope of Acid Attacks

Acid attacks are predominantly perpetrated against women, often stemming from rejected advances, domestic disputes, or dowry issues. In 2022, crimes against women rose by 4%, with acid attacks contributing significantly. Uttar Pradesh and Delhi report the highest cases, driven by easy access to corrosive substances like sulfuric acid. Victims face severe physical disfigurement, psychological trauma, and social ostracism, with recovery costing lakhs in medical expenses.

Causes and Patterns

Gender Norms: Patriarchal attitudes fuel attacks, with men using acid to assert dominance or punish perceived defiance.

Easy Access: Acid is widely available in markets for industrial use, with lax regulation enabling misuse.

Social Stigma: Victims are often blamed, discouraging reporting and perpetuating the cycle of violence.

Economic Factors: Poverty limits victims’ access to legal and medical recourse.

Legal and Policy Framework

The Supreme Court’s 2013 ruling in the Laxmi case mandated stricter acid sale regulations and compensation for victims. Section 326A of the IPC prescribes 10 years to life imprisonment for acid attacks. However, enforcement remains weak, with only 20% of cases resulting in convictions. The government has set up victim compensation funds, but disbursal is slow, and rehabilitation programs are underfunded.

Social and Economic Impacts

Acid attacks devastate victims’ lives, causing permanent scarring and blindness. Socially, victims face isolation, with many unable to marry or secure employment. Economically, medical costs and lost productivity burden families. The stigma surrounding victims also hinders community support, exacerbating psychological trauma.

Support Systems and NGOs

Organizations like Stop Acid Attacks and Chhanv Foundation provide medical, legal, and emotional support. Campaigns like “Shoot Acid, Not People” raise awareness, but funding constraints limit their reach. Government helplines and shelters for women are expanding but need better integration with NGOs.

Preventive Measures

1. Stricter Regulation: Enforce bans on over-the-counter acid sales and monitor industrial use.
2. Public Awareness: Educate communities on gender equality and the consequences of acid attacks.
3. Fast-Track Courts: Expedite acid attack cases to ensure swift justice.
4. Victim Support: Increase funding for rehabilitation and psychological counseling.
5. School Programs: Teach gender sensitivity to reduce patriarchal attitudes.

The Path Forward

By 2025, India must strengthen enforcement of acid sale bans and enhance victim support systems. Public-private partnerships can fund rehabilitation centers, while awareness campaigns can shift societal attitudes. International models, like Pakistan’s acid attack laws, offer lessons for stricter penalties and prevention.